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1925-1930: Theater and Cinema Influences
A New Permissiveness Challenged
   As the 1920s progress the emancipation of women continues, much to the chagrin of those who want to control their dress and behavior. Influenced by images from the theater, by cinema movie stars (such as Clara Bow), real women on real beaches must now battle to bare their arms and wear bathing suits without stockings. Toward the end of the decade the Hays Code will attempt to manage the content of movies. Men begin to shed the tops of their bathing suits, and new developments are introduced into the swimsuit.

The Maillot and its Skirt
   Although the unskirted maillot pantaloon remains a pinup stable throughout the 1920s, it is the skirted maillot pantaloon which is increasingly adopted by Hollywood (ML2750)...and by mainstream bathers. As the pantaloons retract upwards the maillot pantaloon becomes a pure maillot tank; whereas the skirted maillot pantaloon becomes a skirted maillot. The former of these becomes the exception to the rule (CB2L40), while the more modest skirted maillot acquires mainstream status (CB2720, JC2750, JG2750). The maillot skirted silhouette will persist even into the 1940s and 1950s, often only as a front side sheath, although eventually that too will vanish, and again the pure maillot tank silhouette will be distilled out (fig. 3-5).

Tank Tops & Shorts or Maillot Tanks?
   The Jazz Age also produces at least one apparent alternative to the maillot, and that is the tank top worn with shorts (VG0064_151, MR2510). Roland Barthes calls the combination a blouse and briefs, and in strict Bikini Science parlance a tank top is what one would structurally call a sleeveless, and the shorts are probably lined, if not worn with underwear, although they might well be pantaloons (CB28C0). The knit two-tones and solid combinations are a refreshing alternative to the more solid colors of the past (MD2650).
   The scholar is cautioned to not let language get in the way of examining the period and the styling, what is important to understand is how this silhouette represents a radical approach to swimwear, a departure from the skirted maillot momentum. Precisely because it suggests a distinction between the top and bottom halves, the tank top and shorts silhouette provides an avenue to the deux-pièces, and eventually, the bikini.
   We will return to the issue of whether the garment is actually a one piece sewn together but from two different materials, as well as the issues of separation.

Stage Costumes Theory
   Swimwear evolution has always been driven from several directions and one of the most significant of these has been the influence of costumes worn in the theater and the movies. Virtually all swimsuit styles, from the leotard to the g-string, are worn in the theater long before they are worn on the beach.
   The theater and the cinema are not a total presage of the swimsuit; erogenous zones are a function of place and utility as much as they are of the specific part of the body exposed. So what is seen by stagelight and projection is not always brought into full daylight, across the barrier of the stage and into full public view. At least not always immediately. The body leotard appears in burlesque 30 years before Annette Kellerman takes it public in 1909, and the g-string is a burlesque staple 85 years before it hits the beaches in southern France in early 1970s (some say 1972 is the exact date).
   Thus venue is an important part of costume. Underwear is worn in a closed, private interior. Theater costumes are worn in a closed public interior. And swimwear is worn is an unclosed public exterior. All are not equal. The public exterior is further complicated by the venue, or boundary of the the exterior, but that is another discussion entirely.

Stage Costumes Practice
   None the less, the state of affairs in the late 1920s is that burlesque, vaudeville, Broadway and cinema costume traditions are far more revealing than swimsuits seen on the beach (FD3010). 1920s costumes are rich, varied, with unusual "Postmodern" lines and support. Bralessness is popular, as is a general open-collared and open-armholed attitude toward nipple exposures that is sometimes reflected in beachwear.
   The key distinction of the deux-pièces is the bare midriff, and bare midriffs in the theater predate the turn of the century. In the first decades of the 20th century theater costumes of the great dance reviews like the Folies Bergère in Paris and The Ziegfeld Follies in New York outrage the flapper era and exploit not only cleavage, bellage, and leggage, but see-through, toplessness (GP2610), and total nudity.
   Hollywood and the European cinema also contributes to the outrageousness. Carol Lombard's criss-cross halter connects to her skirt and bares her belly (CL3010), and wild two-piece costumes that expose belly buttons (LB2810) are common in the pre-Hayes code cinema. Many of these exposures are coupled with provocative new dance styles that quickly migrate from Afro-Americans to white dance performers in New York and Hollywood (GG2650-52, CB2750). Much of this will change in the early 1930s. The Hays Code will forbid the exposure of the navel, ensuring that Alla Nazimova will not repeat wearing her harem bra and a low-slung, bare-naveled skirt (AZ191710) twenty years later.

New Maillot Treatments
   Besides the standard workhorse: the maillot pantaloon and the maillot pantaloon skirted, other novelties also engage the maillot. One of these is the maillot lattice-side, with openwork that runs up the side of the swimsuit (VG0095_2663), or with a lacing with allows it to be threaded like a shoelace (OB2710).
   Another is the single-should-strap maillot, worn here by Norma Shearer (NS2910) and Clara Bow (CB2910).

The Maillot Cutout & Bare Belly
   Bare bellies might be part of dance reviews and the silver screen but they are not part of the swimsuit vocabulary. And so the rare exceptions are standouts. These brave souls mostly hail from Europe and are strictly posing for pinup media. Italian Isa Miranda holds an oar and wears what one might call a maillot haltered cutout (IM192510). English pinup Lilian Bond looks to be wearing what one might call a deux-pièces and is actually baring her belly on the beach (BL2L50).
Erogenous zones as a function of place and utility.
   1926--American Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim the English Channel. It takes her 14 hours and 31 minutes.
   1926--John Barymore, playing the roll of Don Juan, and also staring Mary Astor and Estelle Taylor, sets a record for the most kisses with a single movie, 127.
   1926--Rudolph Valentino makes Son of the Sheik, and establishes the "Latin lover" film type.
   1926--Greta Garbo makes Flesh and the Devil, playing opposite John Gilbert, and portraying deep desire and passion.
   1926--Clara Bow becomes an overnight sensation in the movie It.
   1926--The British import White Cargo capitalizes on a new form of dealing with the censor, by advertising itself as "banned by Will Hays." (The movie will be remade in 1942 version with Hedy Lamar)
   1926--American women are jailed for appearing on beaches in bathing suits without stockings or sleeves.
   1926--Wharton economist George Taylor proposes the "hemline index," suggesting that a correlation exists between prosperous economic times and higher dress hemlines. Conversely, hemline theory suggests that during a slumping economy dresses and skirts recede down the leg.
   1927--Polish-born Rosaline Klin invents the Kestos bra, in which the two cups are independently supported.
   1927--Mae West is imprisoned for lewdness after cops raid her Broadway show Sex, in what she plays a woman in a Montreal whorehouse.
   1927--Introduction of sound in the movies.
   1928--Director Eric von Stroheim arranges for Gloria Swanson to be whipped in the movie Queen Kelly.
   1928-- The Hays Code bans certain language in films. The taboo words and phrases include "bum," "bitch," "chippy," "mistress," "harlot," "naked," and "prostitute." Forbidden phrases include "it wasn't love," "long, lonely nights," "you were with him all last night," and "twin beds." Other rules: kisses must be less than three seconds long, no thumbing of the nose, no profanity, no slapping a woman's behind, no living out of wedlock, no discussion of pregnancy, birth control, venereal disease, abortion, eugenics, illegitimate children, prostitution, miscegenation, or divorce.
   1928--Director Erich Von Stroheim stages a bordello scene for The Wedding March. It is filmed behind locked doors, and he instructs the actors to go as far as they want. The action infuriates Hays, who attempts to block their insertion into the picture. The result is a trimmed portrayal.
   1928--Louise Brooks plays the Femme Fatale in Pandora's Box.
   1928--Brunuel's Un Chien Andalou introduces graphic physical violence, sexuality, and surrealism to the Art film.
   1928--Supreme Court justice Louis Brandeis establishes a "right to be let alone."
   1928--Tom Blake invents the hollow surfboard at Waikiki beach and helps organize the first Pacific Coast Surfriding Championships at Corona del Mar.
   1929--The Dane Benjamin Christiansen makes the first film on demons, Witchcraft through the Ages, which is banned nearly everywhere.
   1929--Men begin to shed the tops of their bathing suits. Eighteen men are fined $1.00 each for exposing their chests on the beach at Coney Island.
   1929--Birth control advocate Margaret Sanger is prohibited from speaking in Boston.
   1929--The brassière and girdle replace the one-piece corset as the primary foundation under women's clothing.
   1929--Kurt Barthel founds the American League for Physical Culture, and opens a naturalist colony at Spring Valley, New York.
   1929--The stock market collapses, ushering in the Great Depression.
   1929--Posture photography become mainstream in Ivy League colleges, where the members of incoming freshmen classes are photographed nude in order to build a posture photograph archive. Posture photography, begun at Harvard in the 1880s, spreads to both men and women's schools and includes Wellesley, Yale, Mount Holyoke, Princeton, Smith, Vassar, Swarthmore, Purdue, and others. The practice continues until the 1970s.
   1930--Massachusetts courts declare two classic novels obscene: Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy and D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover. The National Organization for Decent Literature is formed.
   1930--In Dennett, American courts rule that sex education of adolescents is not obscene.
   1930--Marlene Dietrich provides a glimpse of garters and hose in the movie Blue Angel.
   1930--Hollywood publicists invent the Platinum Blonde, the look of Jean Harlow in Hell's Angles.
   1930--Psychologist J.C. Flugel publishes The Psychology of Clothes in which he advocates a theory of shifting erogenous zones. He theorizes that erogenous zones keep moving because the eye gets exhausted with one vista, and it needs to be replaced by another view to stimulate erogeny.
   1930--In Paris designer Elsa Schiaparelli introduces mix-and-match separates and the backless swimsuit with a built-in bra. The backless swimsuit receives a U.S. patent and promotes a tan without strap marks.
Clara Bow
Clara Bow
Myrna Loy Maillot Skirted Pantaloon
ML2750
Maillot Tank
Maillot Tank
Maillot Skirted
Maillot Skirted
Clara Bow Maillot Tank Hulu
CB2L40
Clara Bow Maillot Skirted Red Hair
CB2720
Joan Crawford Skirted Maillot Swimsuit Pinup
JC2750
Janet Gaynor Skirted Maillot Swimsuit Pinup
JG2750
Tank Top Shorts
VG0064_151
Tank Top Shorts
MR2510
Clara Bow Maillot Pantaloon The Fleet's In
CB28C0
Knit 1920s Swimsuit Chorus Girls
MD2650
Fifi Dorsey bandeau and shorts
FD3010
Topless
Topless
Gladys Phillips Topless Earl Carroll's Vanities
GP2610
Carol Lombard Bare Midriff
CL3010
Louise Brooks Halter and Shorts
LB2810
Gilda Gray Shimmy Hula Dance
GG2650-52
Clara Bow Hula
CB2750
Alla Nazimova Pre-Bikini
AZ191710
PC Paris Maillot Lattice-side
VG0095_2663
Olive Borden Maillot Lattice-side
OB2710
Norma Shearer Single Shoulder Strap Maillot Asymmetrical
NS2910
Clara Bow Maillot Asymmetrical Wild Party
CB2910
Isa Miranda Maillot Cutout
IM192510
Lilian Bond Bare-Belly Swimsuit
BL2L50